We have two standard forms of treatment for depression: antidepressant medication and psychological therapy. But over the last 30 years these treatments have not reduced either the prevalence of, or the disability caused by, depression: it is likely to remain a significant and largely intractable mental health problem. There are three key issues here: access, compliance and relapse. Access to treatment tends to be restricted to the minority of people who live in urban areas of wealthy countries. But even those who have access to care do not always comply with treatment recommendations – for many understandable reasons. To compound all this, high numbers of people who respond well to treatment later relapse: this is one of the reasons why depression remains so widespread.
Which one of the following best expresses the main conclusion of the above argument?
Depression is likely to remain a significant and largely intractable mental health problem
Over the past 30 years, treatments have not reduced the prevalence of or disability caused by depression
One of the reasons why depression remains so widespread is the high rate of relapse
Access, compliance and relapse are the three key issues in the treatment of depression
Access to treatment for depression tends to be restricted to people in urban areas of wealthy countriesDeseleziona risposta

In many countries of the world, religious and political institutions have been the main providers of mass education for children. Their motivation for founding schools has, of course, been to promote their own ideologies and recruit followers. But children at school are vulnerable and impressionable, and therefore need to be protected from having ideologies imposed upon them. Education is fundamentally incompatible with indoctrination and the promotion of particular worldviews. So the education provided in schools should be based on scientific atheism rather than religion or politics.
Which one of the following is an underlying assumption of the above argument?
Some governments cannot afford to fund universal education
Everyone needs a belief system to guide them in life
Scientific atheism is not an ideology
The aim of education is to offer a vision of life
Many adults reject the beliefs they were taught at schoolDeseleziona risposta

What is the secret of success? The question is as old as philosophy itself. The Greeks argued that it boiled down to the possession and exercise of certain character traits, such as generosity and bravery. But new research emerging from social psychology suggests you have to be self- confident to be successful. The study, involving over 200 successful people from all walks of life, comprised detailed interviews and the observation of mental and physical problem solving. The research found that all of the participants had a strong belief in their own abilities and persevered in the face of challenges because they thought they could do it. If you want to be successful, then, you must have faith in your own abilities.
Which one of the following is the best statement of the flaw in the above argument?
It relies on different senses of the expression ‘self-confidence’
It ignores the significance of other factors, such as luck
It assumes that everyone can become self-confident
It assumes that self-confidence is responsible for success, and not vice versa
It justifies a claim on the basis of how things were in the pastDeseleziona risposta

The presence of a mind requires the presence of self-consciousness. Machines do not have self-consciousness, therefore machines do not have minds.
Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the above argument?
The morally best option is that which maximises benefit. Larger charities are able to provide the most benefit from donations, therefore it is morally best to choose larger charities to donate to
To count as an emotion, a mental state needs to have representational content. Depression does not have representational content, therefore depression is not an emotion
There is no obligation to keep promises to someone after they have died, since the virtue of keeping promises is to promote the promisee’s wellbeing, and their capacity for wellbeing ceases upon death
Trust and reliance are not the same thing, because trust is a mental attitude, whereas reliance is not
Only true beliefs can be knowledge. My belief that the world is spherical is true, therefore I know that the world is sphericalDeseleziona risposta

Individuals accept deliberate harm being done to human beings and other living creatures for a variety of reasons. Whether it is self-defence, the need to kill animals for food, or some other reason, many – if not most – people who consider themselves to have ‘good morals’ will generally agree to the intentional killing of other beings if there is adequate justification for doing so. However, one cannot justify killing without complete knowledge of what those who are killed go through. Thus, people who choose to eat meat should find out about how the animals they consume are reared and killed. Otherwise, people cannot truly accept full responsibility for their decision-making.
Which one of the following best illustrates the principle used in the above argument?
A lawyer prosecuting an individual for murder should be aware of any serious difficulties in the life of the defendant in the years leading up to the crime
Scientists who use dead animal specimens for the purpose of an experiment should be certain there are no alternative research methods available
Farmers who need to kill crop-eating insects should find out which pesticides are the least harmful to other kinds of wildlife
A police officer who accidentally kills someone in the line of duty should be willing to tell the victim’s family about the circumstances of the death
Citizens who support imposing the death penalty in some criminal cases should educate themselves about the procedures used to administer itDeseleziona risposta

Six sacks each consist of one kind of fruit: apples, oranges or limes.
The weights of the sacks are:
8 kg, 13 kg, 17 kg, 18 kg, 22 kg, 24 kg
The total weight of all the apples is twice the total weight of all the limes, and there is only one sack of oranges.
What is the weight of the sack of oranges?
17 kg
24 kg
18 kg
22 kg
13 kgDeseleziona risposta

There are 10 students in a class and they like visiting each other. A visit means that one student visits the home of another student. We know that each student in the class has visited the same number of students. No two students in the class have both visited each other.
What is the maximum number of students that a student in this class could have visited?
2
4
5
8
9Deseleziona risposta

I am planning a one-way flight and I can fly with one of the following five companies.



* None of the three maximum dimensions can be exceeded.
I have two bags, one of size 52 × 40 × 22 cm and one of size 40 × 30 × 20 cm. I am happy to take either bag with me. I need to have priority boarding.
Which company should I choose if I wish to spend as little as possible?
BritAir
EasAir
TowAir
WassAir
MistAirDeseleziona risposta

Volunteers for a coastal conservation charity have cleaned beaches since the late 1990s and have recorded the number of items collected. Three items found on the beach by volunteers which have seen an increase are shown below in the table.



Which one of the following graphs could show the percentage increase in items collected between 1997 and 2017?




Deseleziona risposta

On a volcanic island, scientists plan to install sensors to monitor ground motions and predict volcanic activity.
The outline of the island is shown below. The shaded area in the middle is the volcano.



A sensor cannot be installed on the volcano itself but can be installed on any one of the other squares. Each sensor takes measurements from the square on which it is installed and the surrounding squares. See an example below.



What is the minimum number of sensors that need to be installed to take measurements of the entire area of the island (excluding the volcano)?
10
16
20
6
22Deseleziona risposta

Which one of the following spoke to the United Nations on 12th July 2013 to call for a worldwide access to education?
Malala Yousafzai
Aung San Suu Kyi
Benazir Bhutto
Kofi Annan
Barack ObamaDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following dancing traditions is NOT correctly matched to its place of origin?
Flamenco – Argentina
Bharatnatyam – India
Samba – Brazil
Mambo – Cuba
Haka – New ZealandDeseleziona risposta

Which one of the following novels was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953?
The Great Gatsby by Francis Scott Fitzgerald
The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger
On the Road by Jack Kerouac
The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
Moby Dick by Herman MelvilleDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following European languages is NOT categorised as a Slavic language?
Slovene
Polish
Lithuanian
Ukrainian
CzechDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following philosophers is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy?
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Francis Bacon
Michel Foucault
Hans Jonas
Bertrand RussellDeseleziona risposta

Amongst the following modern-day countries, which never had any region form part of the Roman Empire?
Portugal
Slovenia
Denmark
Belgium
EgyptDeseleziona risposta

Which one of the following chemical elements was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie?
Hydrogen
Uranium
Nitrogen
Polonium
BoronDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following European countries does NOT recognise a denomination of Christianity as its state religion?
Spain
England
Malta
Greece
DenmarkDeseleziona risposta

Which one of the following succeeded Jean-Claude Juncker as President of the European Commission on 1 December 2019?
José Manuel Barroso
Ursula von der Leyen
Christine Lagarde
Mario Draghi
Alexis TsiprasDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following countries never had a female prime minister in the 20th century?
Israel
Sweden
India
United Kingdom
PakistanDeseleziona risposta

Which diagram shows the correct hydrogen bonds between bases of a section of DNA?









Deseleziona risposta

The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of each of the enzymes P and Q was investigated.
When investigating the effect of temperature, the optimum pH for each enzyme was used. This was 4.5 for P and 9.5 for Q.
When investigating the effect of pH, the optimum temperature for each enzyme was used. This was 55 °C for P and 25 °C for Q.
Using this information, which graph could show the results from one of these investigations?









Deseleziona risposta

Which of the following could be found within a molecule that has just been made by transcription in a healthy human pancreatic cell?

1. adenine
2. peptide bonds
3. phosphodiester bonds
4. ribose

2 and 4 only
1, 2 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
1, 3 and 4 onlyDeseleziona risposta

The following diagram shows a U-tube at the start of an experiment. It contains two solutions, separated by a membrane. Both solutions contain sucrose, glucose and maltose in water.
The membrane allows the passage of water and all three sugars.



Which option correctly identifies what happens within the first few seconds?
There will be net movement of sucrose from side A to B
There will be net movement of glucose from side B to A
There will be no net movement of sugars
Solution level will increase in side B and decrease in side A
There will be net movement of maltose from side A to BDeseleziona risposta

Glycoproteins are formed from amino acids and carbohydrates.
What is the order in which organelles are used to make membrane-associated glycoproteins?
rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes → rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus → vesicles → rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus → lysosomes → smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum → vesicles → Golgi apparatusDeseleziona risposta

Which row shows the site of alcohol fermentation in yeast and the site of lactic acid fermentation in human muscle cells?



row 2
row 1
row 4
row 3
row 5Deseleziona risposta

Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is/are correct?

1. The site of the light-dependent reactions is the thylakoids and the products of these reactions include ATP and oxygen
2. The site of the light-independent reactions is the stroma and the products of these reactions include carbohydrates and carbon dioxide
3. Chlorophyll that is embedded in the chloroplast outer membrane uses light to split water molecules
1, 2 and 3
3 only
1 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 onlyDeseleziona risposta

The photomicrograph shows a section of a plant root tip with cells showing different stages of the cell cycle. Five of the cells have been labelled.



Which cell (1-5) shows anaphase?
1
2
3
4
5Deseleziona risposta

A male child has haemophilia. Neither parent has the condition. The parents have a second child.
Which of the following statements could be correct about this family?

1. There is a 25% chance that the second child is a boy with haemophilia
2. There is a 75% chance that the second child does not show the condition
3. There is a 50% chance that the mother is a carrier. [Assume no other mutations]
2 only
3 only
1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 2 onlyDeseleziona risposta

There is an inherited condition in cats that leads to them having six toes rather than five toes on each paw.
The allele that causes six toes is dominant.
The pedigree diagram shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats. Three of the cats have been labelled.



Which of the following statements about this inheritance is/are correct?

1. Cat P could be homozygous for the condition
2. Over two generations, 12 cats were produced in the cross-breeding
3. Breeding cat Q with cat R could produce 3 offspring, each with a different genotype
2 only
3 only
1 only
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 onlyDeseleziona risposta

The diagrams each show a section of the cell surface membrane to illustrate the fluid mosaic model.
Which diagram is most accurate?









Deseleziona risposta

Which of the following changes occur during contraction of the atria in a healthy human heart?


row 5
row 2
row 3
row 4
row 1Deseleziona risposta

The diagram shows a glomerulus and part of a nephron in the kidney of a healthy human.



Which of the following cause(s) water to move from the glomerulus into the tubule?

1. An increase in pressure caused by the left ventricle of the heart
2. The effect of blood proteins on the direction of osmosis
3. An increase in pressure of the liquid in the tubule
2 only
3 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1 onlyDeseleziona risposta

Drug Q reduces the release of vasopressin (ADH) into the bloodstream of a healthy human.
Which organ releases ADH into the blood, and what is the effect of drug Q on the concentration of urea in the urine?
[Assume that the production of urea remains constant.]


row 2
row 3
row 4
row 1
row 5Deseleziona risposta

In the nervous system, which of the following pairs work in opposition to each other to control their target organs?
central and peripheral nervous systems
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
reflex and voluntary pathways
sensory and motor pathways
brain and spinal cordDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following acids is/are weak?
1. H₂CO₃(aq)
2. HCOOH(aq)
3. HNO₃(aq)
1 only
2 only
1 and 2 only
3 only
2 and 3 onlyDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following particles has the same number of neutrons as the \(_{\small{35}}^{\small{79}}Br^-\) ion?
\(_{\small{35}}^{\small{81}}Br^{2+}\)
\(_{\small{35}}^{\small{81}}Br^-\)
\(_{\small{36}}^{\small{82}}Kr\)
\(_{\small{34}}^{\small{78}}Se\)
\(_{\small{44}}^{\small{101}}Ru^+\)Deseleziona risposta

Equal volumes of liquids are mixed as the following pairs:
1. heptane and hexane
2. water and methanol
3. hexane and water

Which of the pairs form(s) a homogenous mixture?
1 only
3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
1, 2 and 3Deseleziona risposta

Consider the following general equation that describes one way of synthesising a particular type of BIOFUEL, represented by Y.
X represents a neutral (uncharged) organic molecule involved in the reaction.



Which of the following statements about the reaction are correct?
1. Addition of an enzyme is an essential condition
2. Y is an ester
3. X contains an alcohol group
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
none of them
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 onlyDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following substances in pure liquid form has/have hydrogen bonds between their molecules?
1. H₂O
2. HF
3. CH₄
1 only
1 and 2 only
2 only
3 only
2 and 3 onlyDeseleziona risposta

In which of the following does the central atom share all of its outer shell electrons?
1. BF₃
2. NH₄⁺
3. CO₂
[Atomic numbers: H = 1; B = 5; C = 6; N = 7; O = 8; F = 9]
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only
none of themDeseleziona risposta

In which of the following reactions does HCl act as a reducing agent?
Zn + 2HCl → H₂ + ZnCl₂
Mg(OH)₂ + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + 2H₂O
NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl
Al₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2AlCl₃ + 3H₂O
MnO₂ + 4HCl → MnCl₂ + Cl₂ + 2H₂ODeseleziona risposta

Hydrogen sulfide gas was shaken with a solution of sodium hydroxide in a closed system. An equilibrium was rapidly established.
H₂S(g) + 2OH–(aq) ⇌ S^2-(aq) + 2H₂O(l)

The experiment was repeated at the same temperature and pressure, but one additional substance was added to the equilibrium mixture.
Adding which of these substances, on its own, will increase the number of molecules of H2S present at equilibrium?
1. hydrochloric acid
2. solid potassium hydroxide
3. sodium sulfide
1 only
1 and 3 only
2 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 onlyDeseleziona risposta

Barium sulfate is insoluble in water.
Aqueous solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulfate are mixed.
Which of the following equations is the SIMPLEST ionic equation for the reaction that occurs?
Ba²⁺(aq) + SO₄^2-(aq) → BaSO₄(s)
2BaCl(aq) + Na₂SO₄(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
BaCl₂(aq) + Na₂SO₄(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
2Ba⁺(aq) + SO₄^2-(aq) → Ba₂SO₄(s)
Ba²⁺(aq) + 2Cl^-(aq) + 2Na⁺(aq) + SO₄^2-(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2Na⁺(aq) + 2Cl^-(aq)Deseleziona risposta

Which of the following separation techniques can be used to obtain liquid ethanal from an aqueous mixture of ethanol, ethanal and ethanoic acid?
1. filtration
2. fractional distillation
3. centrifugation
1 only
3 only
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 onlyDeseleziona risposta

A metal oxide, MO, reacts with sulfuric acid according to the following equation:
MO + H₂SO₄ → MSO₄ + H₂O
2.8 g of the metal oxide requires 25 mL of 2.0 mol L^–1 sulfuric acid for complete reaction. What is the relative atomic mass (A_r) of the metal?
[A_r value: O = 16]
24
56
96
112
40Deseleziona risposta

0.365 g of hydrogen chloride is dissolved in sufficient water to make 10 litres of solution.
What is the pH of the HCl(aq) solution formed, at 25 °C?
[A_r values: H = 1.0; Cl = 35.5]
2.0
0.01
4.0
3.0
1.0Deseleziona risposta

Phosphorus is in Group V of the Periodic Table.
What is the shape and the bond angle for the PH₄⁺ ion?


row 2
row 3
row 1
row 4
row 5Deseleziona risposta

Which of the following organic compounds are structural isomers of each other?

1. cyclohexene
2. methylcyclopentane
3. hexane
4. hex-1-ene
5. 3-methylpent-2-ene
2 and 4 only
1 and 2 only
2, 4 and 5 only
2 and 3 only
1, 4 and 5 onlyDeseleziona risposta

Which of the following lists the given elements in order of DECREASING first ionisation energies?
[Atomic numbers: Li = 3; Be = 4; Na = 11]
Li, Be, Na
Be, Li, Na
Li, Na, Be
Be, Na, Li
Na, Be, LiDeseleziona risposta

Evaluate \(\sqrt[3]{\frac{(9 \times 10^4)^2 - 10^8 + 1.2 \times 10^{11}}{10^{-1} - 9.8 \times 10^{-2}}}\)
400
8000
40000
10000
100000Deseleziona risposta

A block sliding along a flat horizontal surface at an initial velocity of 2.0 m s^–1 experiences a constant resistive force of 4.0 N that brings it to rest in a distance of 2.0 m.
What is the mass of the block?
0.50 kg
2.0 kg
0.25 kg
4.0 kg
8.0 kgDeseleziona risposta

Find the area enclosed by the three lines

y = 0
y = 2 x – 4
y = 11 – x

3
\(22\frac{1}{2}\)
\(37\frac{1}{2}\)
39
27Deseleziona risposta

A fixed mass of an ideal gas is compressed slowly so that its volume halves and its pressure doubles.
Which of the following statements about the gas after this change is/are correct?

1. The final temperature of the gas is the same as before the change
2. The final internal energy of the gas is the same as before the change
3. The final mean kinetic energy of the particles of the gas is the same as before the change

1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
none of them
1, 2 and 3Deseleziona risposta

Which of the following is a simplification of \(\frac{2x^2 - 9x - 18}{x^2 - 6x} - \frac{3x^2 + 8x - 3}{x^2 + 3x} \)
\(\frac{4}{x} -1\)
\(\frac{2}{x} -1\)
\(2 - \frac{1}{x}\)
\(\frac{4}{x} -2\)
4-xDeseleziona risposta

An 18 V battery and a 3.0 Ω resistor are connected in series with each other, and in series with a parallel arrangement of a 3.0 Ω resistor and a 6.0 Ω resistor.
What is the current in the battery?
[Assume that the battery has no internal resistance.]
3.6 A
3.0 A
1.5 A
5.1 A
9.0 ADeseleziona risposta

The mean of five non-zero positive integers is 20.
The median is 24.
What is the maximum possible value for the largest number?
48
49
73
50
78Deseleziona risposta

A long single coil of wire is connected directly to an ammeter which is used to indicate the direction of the current in the wire. As the N-pole of a bar magnet is inserted into the left-hand end of the coil, the ammeter indicates a current in a certain direction.
Which other action, performed separately, produces a current in the same direction?
withdrawing the N-pole of the magnet from the left-hand end of the coil
inserting the S-pole of the magnet into the left-hand end of the coil
inserting the S-pole of the magnet into the right-hand end of the coil
withdrawing the S-pole of the magnet from the right-hand end of the coil
inserting the N-pole of the magnet into the right-hand end of the coilDeseleziona risposta

[diagram not to scale]
The diagram shows two concentric circles both with centre O. The angle of the shaded sector is θ °.
The radius of the larger circle is 50% greater than the radius of the smaller circle. The total area of the smaller circle is 36π cm².
The area of the shaded sector is \(\frac{27π}{8}\) cm². What is the value of θ ?
\(8\frac{7}{16}\)
\(16\frac{7}{8}\)
\(22\frac{1}{2}\)
15
30Deseleziona risposta

The simple pendulum of a tall clock swings freely backwards and forwards so that it passes through the vertical position at 1.0 second intervals.
Assuming that the motion of the pendulum is simple harmonic, what is the length of the pendulum?
[Take the gravitational field strength to be 10 N kg^–1, and take π² to be 10.]
0.25 m
1.7 m
2.5 m
1.0 m
3.3 mDeseleziona risposta